Urban Underworld - 823 Words

The Urban Underworld in Late Nineteenth-Century New York: The Autobiography of George Appo In Timothy J. Gilfoyle’s book, The Urban Underworld in Late Nineteenth-Century New York: The Autobiography of George Appo, we learn that life was hard being a 19th century immigrant and choosing a life of crime was sometimes, but not always, the easy way out although it came with many consequences. George Appo was one who chose the life of crime. Prison was a common place for the pick pocketer George Appo. At the young age of three his father is convicted of murdering a woman and sent to Sing Sing after which his mother abandoned him. Appo learns to steal at a young age. He really had nothing else to turn to. New York in the†¦show more content†¦Left to fend for himself, what other choice did Appo have other than a life of crime? Prison at the time was a place where the penitentiary would use the criminals as basically slaves of the state. They would work them day in and day out. There were problems of overcrowding, sexual abuse, and disease. How was one supposed to learn from their mistakes and realize what they did was wrong when they were just worked to death at the prisons? How is that supposed to help reform a person into being better? In the end, George Appo fulfilled his idea of being a â€Å"good fellow† yet suffered the consequences of many years in prison and the loss of an eye. Every time Appo would leave prison he would go back to his same ways and continued pick pocketing. In the 19th century prison did the least to reform anyShow MoreRelatedCities in US History: 20th century We all come across with the term globalization. The developing1300 Words   |  6 PagesThe effect of prohibition on moral tone make it possible in the past days toward the growth of the nation, but in the case of America it is going adversely. In the city of NewYork instead of expansion prohibition results in the expansion of sexual underworld and some other crimes as well. The police, law and order are not in the position to control the mess. In the economic segment the situation is more worst than anything else. In order to make some profit the authority of the country begin permittingRead MoreThe Crisis Of The Community, Its Dislocation, The Distress Of Most Of Its Members1655 Words   |  7 Pagesanalyzed through all of the concentrations of urban planning from equity to sustainability. He is simply stating that all of the aspects of the community, from its circumstances, both emotional and physical, to its location play a part in its progress. A community cannot grow if any p art of it is inadequate. All aspects should be in equilibrium, a healthy balance of crime and peace, economy and income, as well as education and available jobs. As an aspiring urban planner, this quote throws all of whatRead MoreA Pickpocket s Tale Of New York1113 Words   |  5 PagesA Pickpocket’s Tale  gives an extraordinarily different view into New York’s underworld of the nineteenth century. The underworld of New York in the nineteenth century has usually been a topic described by clichà ©d explicit narratives of merciless urban gangsters and scary underworld stereotypes. Through his biography, A Pickpocket’s Tale, of New York’s nineteenth century underworld criminal George Appo, Timothy Gilfoyle transforms this unoriginal genre into something quite interesting. Gilfoyle providesRead More Italian Mafia Essay1315 Words   |  6 Pagesreasons. Many of them dreamed of leaving behind their old worlds. Worlds of oppression, fear, and crime. Unfortunately, this dream was shattered for many of the immigrants. For those who migrated to Chicago, several found themselves living in urban ghettos filled with dangerous and deadly circumstances. Crime, along with the Mafia was brought into the new world. Due to the language barriers, cultures and people did not mix. The Italians remained with, socialized with, and committed crimes onRead MoreItalian Mafia Essay1356 Words   |  6 Pagesnumber of reasons. Many of them dreamed of leaving behind their old worlds. Worlds of oppression, fear, and crime. Unfortunately, this dream was shattered for many of the immigrants. For those who migrated to Chicago, several found themselves living in urban ghettos filled with dangerous and deadly circumstances. Crime, along with the Mafia was brought into the new world. Due to the language barriers, cultures and people did not mix. The Italians remained with, socialized with, and committed crimes onRead MoreThe Postman Always Rings Twice By Das hiell Hammett And The Maltese Falcon As A Hard Boiled Story950 Words   |  4 Pageshead of the gardening club can say. These situations will definitely make a curiosity in eyes of the reader than the normal occasions. The Setting As we discussed earlier the setting for hardboiled detective fiction is usually a large city, an urban area, or an industrial area. The cities tend to be dark, dangerous places run by corrupt politicians, gangster syndicates, and an occasional corrupt police officer. Often the stories themselves have more night scenes than daylight scenes, which contributeRead More film crime Essay1549 Words   |  7 Pagesa tough cruel faà §ade while showing an ambitious desire for success, they rise to power. The criminal is the product of his harsh environment, violent, laconic and tough, but his involvement in crime seems a matter of chance rather than choice. An urban wolf can equally well be killer or detective, warden or prisoner. They all speak the same discursive language (Baxter 7). Crime films are often set in a large, crowded city. Exotic locals for crimes often add an element of adventure and wealth. WritersRead MoreMaltese Falcon, L.A. Confidetial, and Chinatown940 Words   |  4 Pagesthe early 1940s to the late 1950s. The Maltese Falcon is more like a classical noir film than the other two movies. Maltese falcon has all the traits a noir film should have. Like fatalism, the femme fatale, the male protagonists, shadows, gloomy, urban, corrupt, etc. Maltese Falcon is a story about a detective Spade whose night changed rapidly when a gorgeous women by the name of Miss Wanderly walks into his office. Spades partner, Miles and a man named Floyd Thursby are dead. Brigid represents theRead MoreMexican Icons and Heores970 Words   |  4 Pagesupon to dispatch such supernatural threats as Dracula and Frankenstein. The websites purpose is to illustrate how the films of El Santo were influenced by the growth and stability and after 1950. El Santo and his wrestling assisted rural migrants to urban Mexico City by showing them how to handle modernization and gave Mexicans a representation of the ideal modern, Mexican man. El Santo is presented as a character that the audience never sees in his films without his silver colored mask. Whats moreRead MoreCritical Responces to Madame Sata1137 Words   |  5 Pagesto visual detail gee way to the ability to convey Joao’s longing for glamour while the musical compositions places the audience in a trance. In a review written by Darren Davis, the film, attempts to explore the presence of violence in Brazil’s urban setting in three different historical eras. The author recognizes much of the violence Joao experiences is due to prejudices against his race, class and sexuality. Although the piece mentions the film fairly briefly, the author is able to describe

Deterrence and Rational Choice Theory of Crime - 3085 Words

The issue of whether decision making by criminals is a rational process is a heated topic of discussion when one asserts that crime is the role of choice. Before the classical school of criminology, crime was thought to be the product of the paranormal occurrence of demons, witches, ghouls, and other creatures. The time prior to the classical school of criminology, called the preclassical era, is divided in two parts. Before the time of state intervention into private matters, each individual dealt with violations of their rights. This was a problem because of the continuous cycle of violence being perpetuated. Soon the State (and even the Church) took on the task of dispensing law and order to the masses of the Middle Ages. This led to a†¦show more content†¦For example, the shame of being exposed as a deviant to friends and family is more threatening than official sanctions. John Braithwaite asserted that shaming someone served to shape ones conscience. The crimes that see m to be the most deterrable seem to be those that are rational, instrumental, mala prohibita (acts that are not inherently evil but prohibited for other reasons), and typically committed in public places. Evidence of the deterrability of drunk driving is limited. Although, the sanctions associated with drunk driving may have a moral education effect. Capital punishment as a deterrent has little effect partly because of the irrational nature of acts punishable by death. Actually there is considerable support for a brutalization effect where it seems that violent crime tends to increase after an execution. There are factors that make someone more or less deterrable. Those who are future oriented, have high self control, are low risk-takers, have an authoritarian personality, are pessimistic, and older people. Also, those who are from higher classes are more deterrable. Females are more deterrable than males. Those who have much to lose and little to gain are also in this category. Sur prisingly, race has very little to do with ones level of deterrence. Cesare Beccaria contended that for someone to be deterred, they had to beShow MoreRelatedDeterrence And Rational Choice Theory777 Words   |  4 Pagesworld crime is happening every single day. Yes, some people may feel as if the deterrence theory does not work. Due to the fact that crime still happens in the world. This essay will look at the support for the theory. As well as the key problems for the theory. Next, it will explain some of the newest directions in deterrence/rational choice theory. Finally, it will either agree/disagree with someone’s thought on deterrence and how it does not work and is a waste of time to study. Deterrence andRead MoreContemporary Utilization Of Classical Perspective1575 Words   |  7 Pagesexplain the contemporary utilization of the classical perspective of criminology. Deterrence theory, rational choice theory, routine activities theory, and lifestyle theory will be explained and defined thoroughly detailing each theory and provide a historical background, theorist(s) involved, prior literature, scientific methods, results, personal opinions, and policy implications for each theory. These theories are still being utilized in law enforcement in present day enforcement of laws andRead MoreHow Rational Choice And Deterrence Theory Around The World1547 Words   |  7 Pages Everybody has a choice, but it’s up to the individual to the make a decisions on what they choice to do in a positive way, in every event that takes place in their life on an everyday basis. In today’s society dealing with Rational Choice a question always comes into play on why people engage in criminal behavior, but who really knows and most people wonder is it who they surrender their selves around in their social life or could it have been where they grow up and what they sense as a child withRead MoreThe Sentencing Policy And The Criminal Justice System1065 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many current criminal justice policies and laws that demonstrate how the policy has been informed by the theories that have been covered this semester. Many connections are not explicit but offer great detail in offering information based on the given topics. The current criminal justice policy that I’ve chosen was the sentencing policy. The sentencing policy was put togeth er to reach every type of case that could possibly be seen in the criminal justice system. Here we will further discussRead MoreDeterrence Theory Is The Rational Choice Theory992 Words   |  4 PagesDeterrence theory is the basis and the ultimate desired outcome to deter crime in the United States (Feldmeyer, 2015). That has not always been true. There has been a period in U.S. history, 1960’s and 1970’s that Rehabilitation Theory was considered the method of choice (Feldmeyer, 2015). Rehabilitation Theory, including treatment, was to treat the â€Å"illness† rather than place heavier sanctions such as incapacitation. Even though Rehabilitation is not the predominate approach used today, it is stillRead MoreTheories Of Law And Justice761 Words   |  4 PagesEssay #1 Theories of law and justice answers the questions on how/ why in society a person behavior could be seen or handle as a criminal (Akers Sellers, 2009). Also the theory helps explain why a certain behavior is consider illegal and what punishment needs to be taken for that behavior/conduct. To answer these questions, the theory looks at the variables which are social, economic, and economic which has it affects on law and justice (Akers Sellers, 2009). For theories of crime and criminalRead MoreDeterrence And Rational Choice : The Criminal Justice System And Crime Prevention1196 Words   |  5 PagesDeterrence or rational choice, which one is the better, or should I say wiser theory to follow when it comes to the criminal justice system and crime prevention. Using extreme capacitation (Deterrence) can be an effective punishment for many in our society, however, there will still be a small portion of our society that will still commit crimes. The majority of the society would use goo d-ole common sense (Rational Choice) and not commit crimes in the first place. DISCUSSION: Deterrence and RationalRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System And Crime Prevention970 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTION: Deterrence or rational choice, which one is the better, or should I say wiser theory to follow when it comes to the criminal justice system and crime prevention. Using extreme capacitation (Deterrence) can be an effective punishment for many in our society, however, there will still be a small portion of our society that will still commit crimes. The majority of the society would use good-ole common sense (Rational Choice) and not commit crimes in the first place. DISCUSSION: Deterrence andRead MoreRational Decision Making And Its Effect On Crime Causation Essay1497 Words   |  6 Pages Rational Decision Making and its Effect on Crime Causation Most, if not all Americans, are familiar with the story of Batman and his alter ego Bruce Wayne. As a small child Bruce s parents were brutally gunned down in front of him prompting him to don the cape and mask to rid Gotham city of injustice. In the 2005 movie adaptation starring Christian Bale, Batman is asked why he so selflessly protects the city. He replies, â€Å"It s not who I am underneath, but what I do that defines me.† I believeRead MoreRational Choice Theory as a Deterant to Crime Essay622 Words   |  3 PagesWritten Assignment 1 (Due October 1st ) Rational choice theories are among the fastest growing theories in social science today. Many sociologists and political scientists defend the claim that rational choice theory can provide the basis for a unified and comprehensive theory of social behavior. What distinguishes rational choice theory from other forms of theory is that it denies the existence of any kinds of action other than the purely rational and calculative. All social action can be seen

Complex Problem Solving Free Essays

The business world keeps changing at a fast pace. We see constant changes in the workplace as a result of emerging technologies. Organizations have to repeatedly change their business model to keep up with these changes and have to come up with new methodologies to tackle problems a create solutions. We will write a custom essay sample on Complex Problem Solving or any similar topic only for you Order Now World Economic Forum predicted in one of its publications the top ten skills that will be needed the most in the Fourth Industrial Revolution by 2020. Complex Problem Solving was listed at the top (World Economic Forum) With the continual change in the business environment and the way we work, more than half of the skills won’t be considered important. Companies will look for problem-solving skills in its employees and the ones with the best ability to define problems and effectively find a solution for them will be the ones to thrive in the near future. Design Thinking has emerged as a discipline that focuses on the experience economy and finding solutions for the customer. Adopting a Growth Mindset Design Thinking is about designing human-centric experiences and solutions. Looking at complex problems that are not necessarily evident to the naked eye by understanding the needs of the customers and employees. Only by having a clear understanding of who the customer is and their behavior, an organization can be able to provide a more valued and effective solution. We see this happening when a person, and the company they work with, shift from a fixed mindset to a growth mindset. They learn to adapt and change their old-fashioned, linear approach to problems and a way to solve them. Reflecting and doing more research on the e-commerce, Wayfair, I can reaffirm the company is leading the industry through innovation by applying Design Thinking. They adopt a growth mindset and deeply understand the needs of their customers. Like most companies, they want to consider growth opportunities for the business. However, they have learned that with this fast-paced change in the way we work, they have to learn and adapt and be the ones to disrupt before they get disrupted. With this mindset, the company is more willing to accept uncertainties than its competitors. Wayfair’s Design Thinking Culture The company has made sure to incorporate Design Thinking into its culture. They started with little steps like an open-plan office. By having different teams together, communication became easier. They realize problems aren’t necessarily to be solved by a specific department. By bringing different perspectives into a project, they were more likely to find hidden problems more easily. Wayfair also gives a huge amount of importance to its Customer Service team and encourage them to be involved with all the departments and vice versa. They make customers the first priority and are constantly involving them in their research. They make sure they have a one-to-one experience with different customer demographics. To wonder about things, that may not seem like a problem at the moment, but that could eventually improve. Things like, why the customer didn’t complete a purchase or why do they prefer retail shopping instead of online shopping. By understanding the type of consumer they have and their behavior they have managed to lead the industry through innovation. From this way of thinking originated their newest added feature- Augmented Reality Camera. This feature enables customers to visualize how a furniture would look like in their house using their phone camera. It will show the real features (like height and lighting) of the item and the customer can see how it fits the house before purchasing. They came up with this idea when they were trying to understand why some customers were leaving items in their shopping cart but not completing the purchase. These customers all had problems visualizing how it would look like in their house or simply prefer shopping in a retail store to see the actual size of things. Wayfair’s Product Innovation team quickly address this problem by disrupting the industry with the new technologies available in the market. Wayfair is a good example of a company that follows the Design Thinking process to solve complex problems effectively. The company helps to understand that a shift in mindset from linear to one that embraces chaos and complex problems, and that is customer-centered, is crucial in the business world. With a Design Thinking mindset, they empathize with new situations and search for growth opportunities in the market. They also integrate new solutions into the business with well thought out and tested prototypes to make certain new products and services into business operations will be successful. By applying the Design Thinking process, they have been known to scale fast when necessary. How to cite Complex Problem Solving, Papers

Strategic Communication Strategy for Plan- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theStrategic Communication Strategy for Plan and Sketch. Answer: Introduction Strategic communication is a much broader term that provides details regarding the activities corresponding to the genres of public relations, communication concerning management areas, as well as advertising. In plain words, any business follow, plan, sketch and incorporate strategies so as to communicate their agenda and set objectives towards their stakeholders and the larger society. Furthermore, strategic communication is also looked upon as a sub head of the communication subject. Nonetheless, with the help of strategic communication any business association look forward to explore their limitations, strengths and its capacity. However, effective strategic communication of any firm is always seen to keep alignment with the firms objectives, vision and mission [1] However with the effective strategies concerning communication, the firm strives to maintain its competitiveness thereby boosting its strategic positioning in the market. It is further emphasized that the strategic communication must possess certain characteristics such as clarity, preciseness, truth, consistency and must be focused towards the goal. Certain regulatory imperatives must be followed like the honest disclosure of the message towards all the stakeholders. For instance, if a company communicate different messages towards its consumers and other suppliers then honesty and transparency are missing in the communication thereby making the strategic communication of the respective company ineffective and diluted. Hence, all these aspects do handover a basic idea regarding strategic communication[2]. The case that will be used in this essay is Desalination and drought proofing Melbourne. Best Idea of the Campaign The best idea about the campaign is the necessary step thought for and taken to meet up with the needs of the growing numbers of citizens and combat the drought problem through desalination process. Rather than focusing on how to bring down the usage of water to a considerable amount, the Australian government comprehended well about the psychological and the societal problems relating to drought and thus thought it to be crucial to take the necessary steps towards desalination. Moreover the policy makers of the Australian government emphasized on the aspect of taking pre-emptive action to fight against drought and such natural calamities irrespective of the high cost. Further the policymakers also put emphasis on the situations that if the desalination plant is being constructed then it will certainly exempt the consumers from paying heavy water bills to the government. Moreover, while viewed through the lens of strategic communication, it is observed that the Australian government maintained that level of clarity, honesty, preciseness and alignment in transmitting and communicating its messages to various stakeholders[3]. Worst Ideas of the Campaign As there are best ideas about the desalination campaign of Melbourne, there are worst ideas too about it. The first and foremost negative aspect that has been derived out of the project is its very high cost in setting up of the plant. The next negative point that has been illustrated is that it is damaging to the bio diversity of the planet. Another notable negative point to be cited is that instead of taking precautions and formulating strategies to combat with drought problems, the government directly thought of opening a new desalination plant which is too expensive. It might be put in this way that the remarkable drought that took place during 2006 has certainly been successful in planting fear in the hearts of the policymakers and the Australian government. However, another issue that is of much concern is that the growing number of population in Australia might not actually support the whole desalination project due to the ever rising demand of water supply that is psychologic al and partly societal[4]. Therefore, there must have been strategies to confront with the rising water demand in order to bring it down. Another instance that might be taken onto account is that once the desalination project was constructed, there was plenty of rainfall in the following years in Australia which indicated that the construction was not relevant as it involved lots of money to frame the project. Again on the contrary, the Australian government could have used effective strategic communication through advertising to bring down the growing water level usage which seems to not have been done and thus stands out as another negative aspect of the campaign. There was no such sort of risk management involved concerning the desalination project or even no such precautionary approaches were taken. The only way that it can be viewed is a desalination project made as an answer to precautionary approaches and risk management[5]. It can also be viewed in the light that asking the Melburnians to reduce the water usage level seemed tough and difficult situation for the countrys government rather than building the desal ination project which shows the short-sightedness and hasty decisions made by the government. This instance can be better comprehended while quoting the line decisions made in the timeframe of the electoral cycle do not sit well in the context of a long-run, sustainable approach to water management[6]. Central Approach of the Campaign- Agreement/ Disagreement There are certain points that go along as positive aspects relating to the central approach of the campaign while there are more points to be considered that do not get along with the central approach. As earlier in the answer noticed that the Australian government never communicated strategically with the Melburnians regarding reducing water usage level or never tried to create any sort of awareness regarding the real problems faced by the government such as the natural calamity, growing population, growing need of water usage, water scarcity problems due to the occurrence of climatic change in the global weather and others. All these aspects rather gave the impression that the government has not been effectively communicating with the citizens thereby keeping them on the dark. However, without mitigating effectively the water problems, the Australian state government of Melbourne went into constructing the desalination project. Nonetheless, I do agree with the central approach of t he campaign. The best part of the project is that it is a big help in providing drinking water to the parts of Australia whenever required and is not dependent upon the rainfall as well as open water storages[7]. Further it is observed that the plant possess the potential in supplying 450 000 m3 water that is drinkable on a daily basis. Truly it can be counted as one of the successful projects of Australia thereby setting an example for other nations that how desalination plants with the help of technology help in water problems. Further the way, this plant has been set up is notable and praiseworthy though there are persons that criticize regarding the enormous amount of money that had gone in constructing this plant. As far as the design, framework and the development of the project are concerned; the government has shown its skill and has implemented latest and updated technologies for it[8]. Furthermore, this is not only the biggest desalination project in Australia but has been considered as one of the biggest desalination project all over the globe. Though earlier in this essay, the Australian state government has been criticized for not strategically communicating with the general citi zens but still where the framing of the project is concerned, it has attained effective strategic communication with its partners like Degremont and Thiess who were contracted through Aquasure consortium in financing, constructing, operating as well as maintaining the plant for a period of 30 years. The plant has been every effectively broken down into six departments such as the administrative and utility department, sea water lift pumping station (SWLPS), pre-treatment, desalination process, potabilisation line and the transfer pump station respectively[9]. The administrative and utilities complex comprises the staff pertaining to operation and maintenance cell and is considered as the projects heart. Furthermore, this cell also comprises a research and development laboratory which supervises the overall quality as well as optimization. The SWLPS section of the plant helps in moving the sea water towards desalination line from the subterranean tunnels. Pre-treatment procedure is considered to be very crucial as it maximises the reverse osmosis process and is comprised of innumerable filtering utilities that separate the sea water from small and large particles. The next process which is the desalination process incorporates membrane technology through which pure water is derived. Through potabilisation line the pure water is transformed into drinking water through the addition of certain minerals. The last is the water transfer pump station through which the drinkable water is passed to various other reservoirs and water supply stations . The above processes certainly display the efficiency of the project backed by dedicated effort and flawless strategies[10]. Lessons Learnt from the Campaign The lessons that I have learnt from the campaign is that it depends a lot on effective strategic communication which can work wonders in any sort of businesses. Nonetheless, the strategies if effectively communicated possess the power to materialise the vision and the objectives set. Similar is the scenario of the Victorian government, which visualized for a desalination plant and thus was able to form one that is not only the countrys largest desalination plant but is also acknowledged as one of the largest desalination plants globally. From the campaign, a lot can be comprehended regarding the kind of communications, negotiations and differing opinions and arguments that the government has to go through while bringing up this project. However, it is certainly with the aid of its strategic communication with the project partners that the plant is considered to be a success. Another lesson learnt through this campaign is that whenever demand arrives, one must know how to act through crisis period. The government instead of settling for alternatives went to take an action. There were alternatives present like mitigating the increase in water usage problems, strategizing for more water bills, rain water storing and treatment options and others. However, the government never compromised or settled for these options irrespective of the very high budget of the desalination project. Therefore, this is also another lesson that could be learnt from this campaign[11]. Application of Ideas in Future Work Concerning Strategic Communication Strategic communication is an important ingredient that can be used for fundraising activities. Especially the Australian state governments idea of fundraising thereby entering into the contracts with Degremont and Thiess through the incorporation of Aquasure consortium is some effective strategic communication attained by the government and also sets an example to other businesses. Therefore I have also learnt the implications of strategic communication in fundraising activities. Another point that could be learnt from the campaign is that irrespective of the enormous size and shape of the plant that involves thousands and thousands of lives, all the departments are aligned with each other and thus helps in smooth functioning of the project. Therefore this is another aspect that could be learnt and is possible through effective formulation of strategic communication[12]. References Aquasure.com.au. (2017). Home. [online] Available at: https://www.aquasure.com.au/ [Accessed 25 May 2017]. Argenti, P. A., Howell, R. A., Beck, K. A. (2005). The strategic communication imperative.MIT Sloan management review,46(3), 83. Bolton, D., Galloway, C. (2014). The holistic dilemma: Helping management students deal with risk.The International Journal of Management Education,12(2), 55-67. Derville Gallicano, T. (2009). Personal relationship strategies and outcomes in a membership organization.Journal of Communication Management,13(4), 310-328. Ferguson, B. C., Frantzeskaki, N., Brown, R. R. (2013). A strategic program for transitioning to a Water Sensitive City.Landscape and Urban Planning,117, 32-45. Galloway, C., Kwansah-Aidoo, K. Communication into Business Management Education.Faculty of Higher Education, Lilydale, 31. Galloway, P. D. (2004). InnovationEngineering a better engineer for todays workforce.Leadership and Management in Engineering,4(4), 127-132. Greenland, S., Bainbridge, J., Galloway, C., Gill, R. (2012).Strategic Communication: Cases in Marketing, Public Relations, Advertising and. Pearson Higher Education AU. Kellermann, K. (1992). Communication: Inherently strategic and primarily automatic.Communications Monographs,59(3), 288-300. Marks, J. S. (2006). Taking the public seriously: the case of potable and non potable reuse.Desalination,187(1-3), 137-147. Merchant, K. A., Van der Stede, W. A. (2007).Management control systems: performance measurement, evaluation and incentives. Pearson Education. O'Hair, D., Friedrich, G. W., Dixon, L. D. (2007).Strategic communication in business and the professions. Allyn Bacon. Palmer, N. (2012). Changing perception of the value of urban water in Australia following investment in seawater desalination.Desalination and Water Treatment,43(1-3), 298-307. Setiawan, A. A., Zhao, Y., Nayar, C. V. (2009). Design, economic analysis and environmental considerations of mini-grid hybrid power system with reverse osmosis desalination plant for remote areas.Renewable Energy,34(2), 374-383. Tal, A. (2011). The desalination debatelessons learned thus far.Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development,53(5), 34-48.